A Study on the Geographical Location of Ophir and Its Change on Maps of the Middle Ages and Renaissance

doi:10.16879/jkca.2021.21.1.001

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2021 Vol.21, Issue 1 Next Page

Research Article

A Study on the Geographical Location of Ophir and Its Change on Maps of the Middle Ages and Renaissance 중세와 르네상스 지도의 오빌의 지리적 위치와 그 변화에 대한 연구: 정인철
In-Chul Jung; 부산대학교 사범대학 지리교육과 교수

Professor, Department of Geography Education, College of Education, Pusan National University

30 April 2021. pp. 1-13

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the geographic location of Ophir and its change on maps made during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. For this, maps produced in each period were investigated, and the maps were classified and analyzed by period and site. As a result of the analysis, it was confirmed that in the Middle Ages, the coastal area on the west side of the Indus River, the Ganges River basin, the Red Sea coastal area, and islands on the Red Sea were marked. It was also confirmed that during the Renaissance, the site moved to Hispaniola, Peru, the Spice Islands, and Sofala. In addition, Tarshish was marked in the west of Cathay in the Middle Ages, but in the Renaissance, it was confirmed that it was located in a place close to Ophir. Theological interpretations of Native Americans and knowledge gathered from locals by explorers also influenced Ophir’s positional markings. After 1600 Ophir disappeared from maps other than Bible maps.

Keywords

Ophir

Tarshish

Geographic location

Medieval maps

Renaissance maps

이 연구의 목적은 중세와 르네상스 시기에 제작된 지도에 표시된 오빌의 지리적 위치와 시대별 위치변화를 조사하는 것이다. 이를 위해 각 시기에 제작된 지도를 조사하여, 이를 시대별 그리고 지역별로 분류하여 분석했다. 분석 결과 중세에는 인더스강 서편의 해안지역, 갠지스강 유역, 홍해연안 지역과 홍해상의 섬으로 표시된 것을 확인했다. 그리고 르네상스 시기에는 히스파니올라, 페루, 향료제도와 소팔라로 대상지가 옮겨 갔다. 또한 다시스는 중세에는 카타이 서편에 그려졌으나, 르네상스 시기에는 오빌과 가까운 장소로 이동했다. 그리고 아메리카 원주민에 대한 신학적 해석과 현지인들로부터 수집한 지식 역시 오빌의 위치를 변화시켰다. 1600년 이후에는 오빌은 성경지도를 제외한 지도에서는 완전히 사라진 것 역시 확인했다.

키워드

오빌

다시스

지리적 위치

중세 지도

르네상스 지도

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Brown, W. A., 2000, The World Image Expressed in the Rudimentum Novitiorumi, Washington: Library of Congress.
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Camino, M.M., 2005, Producing the Pacific: Maps and Narratives of Spanish Exploration (1567-1606), Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Christidès, V, 1970, L'Énigme d'Ophir, Revue Biblique, 77(2), 240-247.
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Kesley, H., 1986, Finding the way home: Spanish exploration of the round-trip route across the Pacific Ocean, The Western Historical Quarterly, 17(2), 145-164. 10.2307/969278
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Shirley, R.W., 2001, The Mapping of the World, West Yorks: Early World Press.
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Weitzman, S., 2011, Solomon: The Lure Of Wisdom, New Haven: Yale University Press.
Westrem, S.D., 2001, The Hereford map, Turnhout: Brepols.
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Information

Publisher :The Korean Cartographic Association
Publisher(Ko) :한국지도학회
Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Cartographic Association
Journal Title(Ko) :한국지도학회지
Volume : 21
No :1
Pages :1-13
DOI :https://doi.org/10.16879/jkca.2021.21.1.001

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[2] 김한성, 2001, "솔로몬 성전 -구약성경 기록을 중심으로," 성경과 고고학, 32, 13-25.

[3] 손일, 2012, "1570년대 잉글랜드의 북방항로 개척과 지리학의 기여-존 디를 중심으로-," 한국지도학회지, 12(1), 63-84.

[4] 손일, 2014, 「네모 속에 담은 지구」, 서울: 푸른길.

[5] 정인철, 2017, "16세기 디에프 학파 지도 속의 '거대한 자바'에 대한 연구," 한국지도학회지, 17(3), 15-29. 10.16879/jkca.2017.17.3.015

[6] 조신권 역, 2010 「실낙원」, 파주: 문학동네. (Alastair, F., 1997, Milton: Paradise Lost, London: Longman.)

[7] 문창수 역, 1975, 「아가페 성서지도」, 서울: 아가페 출판사. (Aharoni, Y. and Avi-Yonah, 1968, The Carta Bible Atlas, Jerusalem: Carta.)

[8] Alborn, T., 2015, King Solomon's Gold: Ophir in an Age of Empire, Journal of Victorian Culture, 20(4), 491-508. 10.1080/13555502.2015.1090672

[9] Babcock, W., 1920, Antillia and the Antilles, Geographical Review, 9(2), 109-124. 10.2307/207648

[10] Bagrow, L., 1985, History of Cartography, Chicago: Precedent Publishing.

[11] Barber, P. 2007, Mapmaking in England, ca. 1470-1650, in Woodward, D., eds., History of Cartography: Cartography in European Renaissance, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1589-1669.

[12] Biedermann, Z., 2014, Imagining Asia from the Margin, in Rujivacharakul, V., Hahn, H. H., Oshima, K. T., and Christensen, P., eds., Architecturalized Asia, Hongkong: Hongkong University Press, 35-52.

[13] Brown, W. A., 2000, The World Image Expressed in the Rudimentum Novitiorumi, Washington: Library of Congress.

[14] Buron, E., 1930, Ymago Mundi, de Pierre d'Ailly, Paris: Librarie Orientale et américaine.

[15] Camino, M.M., 2005, Producing the Pacific: Maps and Narratives of Spanish Exploration (1567-1606), Amsterdam: Rodopi.

[16] Christidès, V, 1970, L'Énigme d'Ophir, Revue Biblique, 77(2), 240-247.

[17] Cobo, B., 2010, History of the Inca Empire, Austin: University of Texas Press.

[18] Cohen, J.M., 1969, The Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus, London: Penguin books.

[19] Cosgrove, D.E., 2007, Cartography and the Renaissance: Continuity and Change, in Woodward, D., eds., History of Cartography: Cartography in European Renaissance, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 3-24.

[20] Dalton, H., 2016, Merchants and Explorers: Roger Barlow, Sebastian Cabot, and Networks of Atlantic Exchange 1500-1560, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199672059.001.0001

[21] D'Anghiera, P.M. and MacNutt, F.A., 1912, De Orbe Novo, The Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.

[22] De Beer, J.M and Magasich-Airola, J., 2007, America Magica, London: Anthem Press.

[23] Deckard, S., 2009, Paradise Discourse, Imperialism, and Globalization, New York: Routledge. 10.4324/9780203865170

[24] Dekker, E., 2007, Globe in Renaissance Europe, in Woodward, D., eds., History of Cartography: Cartography in European Renaissance, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 135-173.

[25] Edson, E., 2007, The World Map, 1300-1492, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

[26] Elkiss, T.H., 1989, 'Sofala Thought Ophir: An Exploration of Historical Fact and Fantasy in Southeastern Africa', in Henderson, J.P. and Reed, H., eds., Studies in the African Diaspora, Dover: The Majority Press, 87-97.

[27] Erskine, V., 1868-1869, Journal of an excursion to the Mouth of Limpopo, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 13(5), 320-342. 10.2307/1799683

[28] Headley, J.M., 1997, The Sixteenth-Century Venetian Celebration of the Earth's Total Habitability, Journal of World History, 8(1), 1-27. 10.1353/jwh.2005.0080

[29] Huddleston, L.E., 2015, Origins of the American Indians: European Concepts, 1492-1729, Austin: University of Texas Press.

[30] Jack-Hinton, C., 1969, The Search for the Islands of Solomon 1567-1838, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

[31] Kesley, H., 1986, Finding the way home: Spanish exploration of the round-trip route across the Pacific Ocean, The Western Historical Quarterly, 17(2), 145-164. 10.2307/969278

[32] Lach, D.F., 1993, Asia in the Making of Europe, A Century of Wonder, Chicago: University of Chicago press. 10.7208/chicago/9780226467122.001.0001

[33] Lecoq, D., 1987, La Mappemonde du "Liber Floridus" ou La Vision du Monde de Lambert de Saint-Omer, Imago Mundi, 39, 9-50. 10.1080/03085698708592615

[34] Lipiński, E., 2004, Itineraria Phoenicia, Leuven: Peeters Publishers.

[35] Marcus, H.G., 2002, A History of Ethiopia, Berkeley: University of California Press.

[36] Musset, G., 1904, La Cosmographie avec l'espere et regime du soleil et du Nord/par Jean Fonteneau, dit Alfonse, de Saintonge, Captaine-pilote de Francois, Paris: E. Leroux.

[37] Popper, N., 2012, Walter Ralegh's "History of the World" and the Historical Culture of the Late Renaissance, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 10.7208/chicago/9780226675022.001.0001

[38] Purchas, S., 1905, Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas His Pilgrims, Glasgow: James MacLehose and Sons.

[39] Raleigh, W., 1614, The History of the World, London: Walter Burre.

[40] Randle, W.G.L., 1994, Classical models of world geography and their transformation following the discovery of America, in Haase, W. and Reinhold, M. eds., The Classical Tradition and the Americas, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 5-76.

[41] Romm, J., 2001, Biblical history and the americas: the legend of Solomon's Ophir, 1492-1591, in Bernardini, P. and Fiering, N., eds., The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450 to 1800, New York: Berghahn Books, 27-46. 10.2307/j.ctt1x76f5z.7

[42] Shalev, Z, 2003, Sacred Geography, Antiquarianism and Visual Erudition: Benito Arias Montano and the Maps in the Antwerp Polyglot Bible, Imago Mundi, 55(1), 56-80. 10.1080/0308569032000097495

[43] Shirley, R.W., 2001, The Mapping of the World, West Yorks: Early World Press.

[44] Smith, W., 1854, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, London: John Murray.

[45] Spate, O.H.K., 1979, The Pacific since Magellan, Canberra: Australian National University Press.

[46] Suarez, T., 2012, Early Mapping of Southeast Asia, Singapore: Periplus Editions.

[47] True, M., 2019, The Jesuit Pierre-François-Xavier de Charlevoix's (1682-1761), Journal of a Voyage in North America, Leiden: Brill. 10.1163/9789004408647

[48] Van Duzer, C., 2020, Martin Waldseemüller's 'Carta marina' of 1516, Cham: Springer Open. 10.1007/978-3-030-22703-6 32675345

[49] Van Linschoten, J.H., 1874, The Voyage of John Huyghen Van Linschoten to the East Indies, volume 1, Hakluyt Society.

[50] Washburn, W., 1952, Japan on Early European Maps, Pacific Historical Review, 21(3), 221-236. 10.2307/3634221

[51] Weitzman, S., 2011, Solomon: The Lure Of Wisdom, New Haven: Yale University Press.

[52] Westrem, S.D., 2001, The Hereford map, Turnhout: Brepols.

[53] Wheatley, P., 1955, The Golden Chersonese, Transactions and Papers of Institute of British Geographers, 21, 61-78. 10.2307/621273

[54] Whiston, W., 1999, The New Complete Works of Josephus, Grand Rapids: Kregel Academic.

[55] Woodward, D., 2007, Cartography and the Renaissance: Continuity and Change, in Woodward, D., eds., History of Cartography: Cartography in European Renaissance, Chicago: University of Chicago press. 55-98.

[56] Woodward. D., 1987, Medieval Mappamundi, in Harley, J.B. and Woodward, D., eds., History of Cartography: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and Mediterranean, Chicago: University of Chicago press. 286-370.

[57] Wursten, D., 2011. François Vatable, so much more than a 'name', Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance, 73(3), 557-591.

[58] Yewbrey, G., 2015, John Dee's 'Brytish Impire': 'A Laborious Treatise' on Ophir of 1577, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 78, 247-276.

[59] 네덜란드 라이덴 대학교 도서관, https://www.bibliotheek. universiteitleiden.nl

[60] 대영도서관, https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/tournai-map-of-asia

[61] 맨체스터 대학교 존 라이랜드 도서관, https://connectingcollections-manmel.com/borgia-mappa-mundi/

[62] 프랑스 국립도서관(몬타노 지도), https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40669102w

[63] 프랑스 국립도서관(오르텔리우스 1595년 지도), https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb45842762b

[64] 프랑스 국방역사도서관, https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb42467457f

[65] 하이델베르크 대학교 도서관 디지털센터, https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/bav_pal_lat_1362b/0003/image

Journal of the Korean Cartographic Association ISSN:1598-6160(Print) 한국지도학회지

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