The Rediscovery of Dokdo and Formulation of Dokdo’s Existence by Anglo-French Combined Fleets during the Crimean War: Focusing on the Traces of the Hornet and the Constantine

doi:10.16879/jkca.2019.19.3.001

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2019 Vol.19, Issue 3 Next Page

Research Article

The Rediscovery of Dokdo and Formulation of Dokdo’s Existence by Anglo-French Combined Fleets during the Crimean War: Focusing on the Traces of the Hornet and the Constantine 크림전쟁 시기 영불 연합 함대의 독도 재발견과 독도 존재의 공식화: 호넷호와 콩스텅틴호의 행적을 중심으로: 안옥청¹, 이상균²
Ogcheong Ahn¹, Saangkyun Yi²; ¹프랑스 사회과학고등연구원 박사
²동북아역사재단 연구위원

¹Ph.D., Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales(EHESS)
²Research Fellow, Northeast Asian History Foundation

31 December 2019. pp. 1-13

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Abstract

Dokdo began to be clearly known to the West in 1855 when it was discovered by the British Hornet and the French Constantine. What has been known is only the fact that it was discovered by these Western fleets in 1855, and any detail of the discovery was not reviewed. The purpose of this study was to shed new lights on the course of Dokdo discovery by the Hornet and the Constantine as well as on the background of the Anglo-French combined fleets' advance into the East Sea from the perspective of the world history in the historical context of their dispatch to chase Russian fleets during the Crimean War, determine the geopolitical importance of Dokdo at that time, and investigate the course of Dokdo’s being reflected in modern Western cartography. This study obtained the following results: First, the Anglo-French combined fleets used operations to chase Russian fleets, with Hakodate in Hokkaido, Japan as their base, during the Crimean War. Second, Dokdo had a strategic importance in terms of location and was valuable as a milestone on the route while the Anglo-French combined fleets implemented their operations. Third, the British and French Naval Departments attached importance to the location and characteristics of Dokdo around 1855 and such countries as the United Kingdom, France, Russian, and the United States shared information about Dokdo, making its existence formal around the globe.

Keywords

Crimean War

Anglo-French combined fleet

East Sea

Dokdo

Hornet

Constantine

Hakodate

독도는 영국의 호넷호와 프랑스의 콩스텅틴호에 의해 발견된 1855년을 기점으로 서구 세계에 명확하게 인식되기 시작하였다. 기존에는 1855년에 이들 서양 전함에 의해 발견되었다는 사실만 알려졌을 뿐 구체적인 발견 과정에 대해서는 검토되지 않았다. 따라서 이 연구는 호넷호와 콩스텅틴호가 크림전쟁 당시 러시아 함대를 추격하기 위해 파견되었던 역사적 맥락을 근거로 이들 영불 연합함대의 동해진출 배경, 호넷 호와 콩스텅틴 호의 독도발견 과정을 세계사적 관점에서 재조명함으로써 당시에 인식되었던 독도의 지정학적 중요성 및 독도가 서구의 근대 지도제작에 반영되었던 과정을 밝히는 것이 목적이다. 연구결과, 첫째, 크림전쟁 당시 영불 연합함대는 일본 홋카이도의 하코다테를 근거지로 삼아 러시아 함대를 추격하기 위한 작전을 전개하였다. 둘째, 독도는 영불 연합함대의 작전 동선에서 위치상의 전략적 중요성 및 항로 상의 이정표로서의 가치가 부각되었다. 셋째, 1855년 무렵, 프랑스와 영국의 해군성은 독도의 위치와 특징에 관해 비중있게 다루었으며, 영국, 프랑스, 러시아, 미국 등의 국가들을 중심으로 독도에 관한 정보가 공유됨에 따라 독도의 존재는 전 세계에 공식화되었다.

키워드

크림전쟁

영불 연합함대

동해

독도

호넷호

콩스텅틴호

하코다테

References

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Gouttman, A., 1995, La guerre de Crimée: 1853-1856, Paris: SPM, coll. Kronos.
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Information

Publisher :The Korean Cartographic Association
Publisher(Ko) :한국지도학회
Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Cartographic Association
Journal Title(Ko) :한국지도학회지
Volume : 19
No :3
Pages :1-13
DOI :https://doi.org/10.16879/jkca.2019.19.3.001

[1] 안옥청･이상균, 2018, “프랑스 군함 카프리시으즈호의 동해탐사와 지도제작,” 한국지도학회지, 18(2), 107-123.10.16879/jkca.2018.18.2.107

[2] 이상균･김종근, 2018, “영국 상선 아르고노트호의 동해 항해와 ‘의문의 섬’ 발견,” 한국지도학회지, 18(3), 23-32.10.16879/jkca.2018.18.3.023

[3] 이상균･김종근･안옥청･김영수･최재영･송휘영･곽진오, 2018, ｢이방인이 바라본 우리 땅 독도｣, 서울: 동북아역사재단.

[4] 이진명, 2005, ｢독도, 지리상의 재발견｣, 서울: 삼인.

[5] 정성화･이돈수･김상민, 2007, ｢외국 고지도에 표현된 우리나라 지도 변천과정 연구｣, 수원: 국토지리정보원.

[6] 정인철･Roux, P.-E., 2014, “프랑스 포경선 리앙쿠르호의 독도 발견에 관한 연구,” 영토해양연구, 7, 165-166.

[7] Du Hailly, E., 1858, Une Campagne dans l’Océan Pacifique. II. Les escadres alliées dans les mers du Japon et de Tartarie à la poursuite de l’escadre russe en 1855, Revue des Deux Mondes (1829- 1971), 17(1), 169-198.

[8] Forsyth, C.C., 1855, Log of H.M. Steam Vessel ‘Hornet’, for the period commencing 16^th of January 1855 ending 4^th of August 1855, London: The National Archives of the U.K.

[9] Gouttman, A., 1995, La guerre de Crimée: 1853-1856, Paris: SPM, coll. Kronos.

[10] Hydrographic Office of the Admiralty, 1855, Japan: Nipon, Kiusiu and Sikok, and a part of the coast of Korea, Hydrographic department, J&C Walker (Firm), London Library of Congress.

[11] Imray, J., 1863, Chart of the North Pacific Ocean, Exhibiting the Eastern Shores of Asia and the Western Coast of North America from the Equator to Behring’s Strait with plan, on an enlarge scale, of the Principal Island and Harbours, James Imray & Son.

[12] Le Dépot des Cartes et Plans de la Marine, 1854-1855, Annales Hydrographiques, Tome 10, 155-156; 262; 332.

[13] Le Dépot des Cartes et Plans de la Marine, 1856, Annales Hydrographiques, Tome 11, 20-21.

[14] Le Dépot des Cartes et Plans de la Marine, 1858, Annales Hydrographiques, Tome 13, 180.

[15] Le Dépot des Cartes et Plans de la Marine, 1861, Annales Hydrographiques, Tome 16, 62-63.

[16] Le Dépot des Cartes et Plans de la Marine, 1864, Carte des îles et Mers du Japon d’après les Documents les plus récents, Bibliothèque Nationale de France (BNF).

[17] Li, J.M. ed, 2010, Dokdo: A Korean Island Rediscovered, Seoul: Northeast Asian history foundation.

[18] Maury, W.L. and Bent, S., 1855, Chart of the Coast of China and of the Japan Islands including the Marianes and a Part of the Philippines, Korea National Maritime Museum.

[19] Rath, A.C., 2011, The Global Dimensions of Britain and France’s Crimean War Naval Campaigns Against Russia, 1854-1856, Doctoral dissertation, McGill University.

[20] Rolland-Villemot, B., 2016, La Guerre de Crimée et le Traité de Paris: un enjeu géopolitique en Méditerranée, Cahiers Slaves, 14(1), 123-133.10.3406/casla.2016.1140

[21] Simpkin, Marshall, and Company, 1855, Islands in the sea of Japan, in The Nautical magazine and naval chronicle for 1855: a journal of papers on subjects connected with maritime affairs, 24, London: Simpkin, Marshall, and Company.

[22] Vincendon-Dumoulin, C.A., 1851, Carte générale de l'Océan Pacifique, Bibliothèque Nationale de France (BNF).

[23] 1855년 7월 8일자 편지(n°372 de 1855), Archives Nationales 소장.

[24] 1856년 10월 16일자 편지(sous série BB4), Service Historique de la Défense 소장.

[25] Geographicus Rare Antique Maps, https://www.geographicus. com/P/RareMaps/imray

[26] Imray Nautical Charts & Books, https://www.imray.com

Journal of the Korean Cartographic Association ISSN:1598-6160(Print) 한국지도학회지

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