All Issue

2023 Vol.23, Issue 2 Preview Page

Research Article

Exploring the Spatio-temporal Patterns of Carbon Emissions in the International Aviation Markets

팬데믹 전후 국제항공여객 운송시장의 CO2 배출 시공간 패턴 분석

박용하1†

Yongha Park1†

1전북대학교 지리교육과 조교수
1Assistant Professor, Department of Geography Education, College of Education, Jeonbuk National University
31 August 2023. pp. 73-89
PDF Citation
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to figure out the characteristics of CO2 emissions patterns by flight operations in the international aviation markets before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. CERT (CO2 Estimation and Reporting Tool) inventory of ICAO is utilized to estimate CO2 emissions of international passenger flight schedules for the second quarter of 2019 and 2021, then we analyze the distributions and changes among submarkets divided by great circle distance and aircraft size of flight route. The main findings are as follows. First, the volume of CO2 emissions in the international aviation markets decrease by approximately 73.21% in 2021(about 31.6 million tons), compared to 2019 (31.6 million tons). In both of the periods, CO2 emissions are commonly dominated by the long-haul (over 5,000 kilometers) and the 100-400 seat aircraft operation markets. But reductions of CO2 emissions are more remarkable in the 5,000+ km and 400+ seat aircraft markets than others during the pandemic. Second, the efficiency of CO2 emissions is improved by approximately 4% from 2019 to 2021. We find that the efficiency tends to decrease as route distance and aircraft size increase. And we observe some submarkets of which efficiencies are improved during the pandemic due to the reduced (or ceased) operations of old and large aircraft. Finally, we explore the changes in the CO2 emissions efficiencies of trunk routes in both of the periods, and find that long-haul routes connecting global hub airports tend to have lower efficiencies than the market average, while efficient routes are mainly observed in some routes from second-tier airports in Western Europe and in regional routes connecting hub airports in Southeast- and Northeast-Asia.
Keywords
International aviation market
CO2 emissions
CO2 emissions efficiency
Aircraft operation
COVID-19
이 연구는 팬데믹(pandemic) 전후 국제항공여객 운송시장을 대상으로 항공편 운항에 의한 CO2 배출 특성과 변화를 체계적으로 파악하는 것을 주요 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 2019년과 2021년 2분기 전 세계 국제여객 항공편 스케줄 데이터를 기반으로 ICAO(International Civil Aviation Organization)의 CERT(CO2 Estimation and Reporting Tool) 인벤토리를 이용하여 노선 단위의 CO2 배출량을 추정한 후, 노선의 대권 거리와 항공기의 크기를 기준으로 구분된 하부시장에 따른 CO2 배출량과 배출 효율성의 분포와 변화를 비교분석하였다. 주요 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 2021년 2분기 전 세계 국제항공여객 운송시장의 CO2 배출량은 약 31.6백만 톤으로 추정되었으며. 2019년 동 분기(117.95백만 톤) 대비 약 73.21% 감소하였다. 두 시기 모두 5,000km 이상의 장거리 시장, 그리고 100~400석 항공기 운용 시장에서의 배출량 비중이 높게 나타났다. 다만 팬데믹 기간에는 5,000km 이상, 그리고 400석 이상 항공기 시장에서 CO2 배출량의 감소가 두드러지게 나타났다. 둘째, 2021년 2분기 시장의 CO2 배출 효율성은 2019년 동 분기 대비 약 4% 향상되었다. 두 시기 모두 노선의 대권 거리와 항공기의 크기가 증가할수록 배출 효율성이 감소하는 경향이 존재하였으며, 팬데믹 기간 중 일부 하부시장에서는 구형 및 초대형 기종들의 운항 감축(혹은 중단)이 두드러짐에 따라 배출 효율성이 향상되기도 하였다. 마지막으로 팬데믹 전후 주요 국제노선들의 CO2 배출 효율성 변화를 탐색한 결과, 글로벌 허브 공항들을 연결하는 대륙 간 장거리 노선들을 중심으로 효율성이 낮게 나타난 반면, 차상위 계층 공항들과 연결된 일부 노선들, 그리고 동남아･동북아의 주요 공항들을 연결하는 역내 노선들은 상대적으로 효율성이 높게 나타났다. 본 연구는 팬데믹 전후 전 세계 국제항공여객 운송시장의 운영 실적과 CO2 배출에 대한 세부 특성과 변화를 실증적으로 분석했다는 점에서 의의가 있다.
키워드
국제항공시장
CO2 배출
CO2 배출 효율성
항공기 운항
COVID-19
References
  1. 박용하, 2022, “COVID-19 팬데믹 전후 동아시아 국제공항들의 차별적인 연결성 변화 탐색,” 한국지도학회지, 22(3), 1-14. 10.16879/jkca.2022.22.3.001
  2. 박진서･노승원･백승한･이재경, 2022, ｢국제항공 부문 탄소중립 실현을 위한 대응 전략 수립｣, 한국교통연구원.
  3. 유광의, 2018, “국제민간항공분야의 기후변화 대응 전략 연구,” 한국기후변화학회지, 9(4), 313-318. 10.15531/KSCCR.2018.9.4.313
  4. 윤순진, 2021, “한국의 2050 탄소 중립 시나리오: 내용과 과제,” 에너지포커스, 18(4), 18-32.
  5. 이근영･유광의･황성연, 2013, “국제항공 기후변화 관련 국제동향과 항공 배출가스 계산방법의 개선에 관한 연구,” 한국항공운항학회지, 21(2), 62-69. 10.12985/ksaa.2013.21.2.062
  6. 이주형･김용석･신홍철, 2014, “항공기 비행단계별 연료소비 분석 및 Tier 3 배출량 산정,” 한국기후변화학회지, 5(1), 61-70. 10.15531/KSCCR.2014.5.1.61
  7. Albalate, D. and Fageda, X., 2016, High-technology employment and transportation: Evidence from the European regions, Regional Studies, 50(9), 1564-1578. 10.1080/00343404.2015.1041371
  8. Alonso, G., Benito, A., Lonza, L., and Kousoulidou, M., 2014, Investigations on the distribution of air transport traffic and CO2 emissions within the European Union, Journal of Air Transport Management, 36, 85-93. 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2013.12.019
  9. Bao, X., Ji, P., Lin, W., Perc, M., and Kurths, J., 2021, The impact of COVID-19 on the worldwide air transportation network, Royal Society Open Science, 8(11), 210682. 10.1098/rsos.21068234804565PMC8580426
  10. Baumeister, S., 2017, ‘Each flight is different’: Carbon emissions of selected flights in three geographical markets, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 57, 1-9. 10.1016/j.trd.2017.08.020
  11. Boonekamp, T., Zuidberg, J., and Burghouwt, G., 2018, Determinants of air travel demand: The role of low-cost carriers, ethnic links and aviation-dependent employment, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 112, 18-28. 10.1016/j.tra.2018.01.004
  12. Budd, T. and Suau-Sanchez, P., 2016, Assessing the fuel burn and CO2 impacts of the introduction of next generation aircraft: A study of a major European low-cost carrier, Research in Transportation Business & Management, 21, 68-75. 10.1016/j.rtbm.2016.09.004
  13. Burrell, K., 2011, Going steerage on Ryanair: Cultures of migrant air travel between Poland and the UK, Journal of Transport Geography, 19(5), 1023-1030. 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.09.004
  14. Calderon-Tellez, J.A. and Herrera, M.M., 2021, Appraising the impact of air transport on the environment: Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic, Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 10, 100351. 10.1016/j.trip.2021.10035133754140PMC7969840
  15. Chao, H., Agusdinata, D.B., DeLaurentis, D., and Stechel, E.B., 2019, Carbon offsetting and reduction scheme with sustainable aviation fuel options: Fleet-level carbon emissions impacts for US airlines, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 75, 42-56. 10.1016/j.trd.2019.08.015
  16. CRS, 2020, Addressing COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts on Civil Aviation Operations, Congressional Research Service, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46483
  17. Daley, B., 2010, Air transport and the environment, Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group.
  18. Defilippi, E., 2019, The environmental cost of Peru’s domestic air transport: An appraisal, Journal of Air Transport Management, 78, 144-151. 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2019.01.008
  19. Dobruszkes, F. and Peeters, D., 2019, The magnitude of detours faced by commercial flights: A global assessment, Journal of Transport Geography, 79, 102465. 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.102465
  20. EEA, 2019, ｢EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019(Chapter 1.A.)｣.
  21. Forsyth, P., 2008, Tourism and aviation policy: Exploring the links, in Graham A., Papatheodorou, A., and Forsyth, P. eds., Aviation and Tourism, London: Routledge, 103-112.
  22. Givoni, M. and Rietveld, P., 2009, Airline’s choice of aircraft size - Explanations and implications, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 43(5), 500-510. 10.1016/j.tra.2009.01.001
  23. Givoni, M. and Rietveld, P., 2010, The environmental implications of airlines’ choice of aircraft size, Journal of Air Transport Management, 16(3), 159-167. 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2009.07.010
  24. Gössling, S. and Humpe, A., 2020, The global scale, distribution and growth of aviation: Implications for climate change, Global Environmental Change, 65, 102194. 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.10219436777089PMC9900393
  25. Gössling, S., Humpe, A., Fichert, F., and Creutzig, F., 2021, COVID-19 and pathways to low-carbon air transport until 2050, Environmental Research Letters, 16(3), 034063. 10.1088/1748-9326/abe90b
  26. Graver, B. and Rutherford, D., 2020, CO2 emissions from commercial aviation: 2013, 2018, and 2019, ICCT (International Council on Clean Transportation).
  27. King, J.M.C., 2007, The Airbus 380 and Boeing 787: A role in the recovery of the airline transport market, Journal of Air Transport Management, 13(1), 16-22. 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2006.11.005
  28. Kuo, P.F., Putra, I.G.B., Setiawan, F.A., Wen, T.H., Chiu, C.S., and Sulistyah, U.D., 2022, The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on O-D flow and airport networks in the origin country and in northeast asia, Journal of Air Transport Management, 100, 102192. 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2022.10219235194345PMC8849875
  29. Le Quéré, C., Jackson, R.B., Jones, M.W., Smith, A.J.P., Abernethy, S., Andrew, R.M., ... and Peters, G.P., 2020, Temporary reduction in daily global CO2 emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement, Nature Climate Change, 10(7), 647-653. 10.1038/s41558-020-0797-x
  30. Lee, D.S., Fahey, D.W., Skowron, A., Allen, M.R., Burkhardt, U., Chen, Q., Doherty, S.J., ... and Wilcox, L.J., 2021, The contribution of global aviation to anthropogenic climate forcing for 2000 to 2018, Atmospheric Environment, 244, 117834. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.11783432895604PMC7468346
  31. Loo, B.P.Y., Li, L., Psaraki, V., and Pagoni, I., 2014, CO2 emissions associated with hubbing activities in air transport: An international comparison, Journal of Transport Geography, 34, 185-193. 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.12.006
  32. ICAO, 2017, ICAO Carbon Emissions Calculator Methodology Version 10, https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/CarbonOffset/Documents/Methodology%20ICAO%20Carbon%20Calculator_v10-2017.pdf
  33. ICAO, 2019, ICAO CORSIA CO2 Estimation and Reporting Tool (CERT) 2019 Version -Design, Development and Validation-, https://www.icao.int/Meetings/CORSIAHQ18/Documents/3_ICAO_CORSIA_CERT.pdf
  34. ICAO, 2022, Resolution A41-22: Consolidated Statement of Continuing ICAO Policies and Practices Related to Environmental Protection — Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/CORSIA/Documents/Resolution_A41-22_CORSIA.pdf
  35. ICAO, 2023, Effects of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Civil Aviation: Economic, Impact Analysis, https://www.icao.int/sustainability/Documents/Covid-19/ICAO_coronavirus_Econ_Impact.pdf
  36. IPCC, “Global warming of 1.5°C”, www.ipcc.ch
  37. Miyoshi, C. and Mason, K.J., 2009, The carbon emissions of selected airlines and aircraft types in three geographic markets, Journal of Air Transport Management, 15(3), 138-147. 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2008.11.009
  38. Miyoshi, C. and Fukui, H., 2018, Measuring the rebound effects in air transport: The impact of jet fuel prices and air carriers’ fuel efficiency improvement of the European airlines, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 112, 71-84. 10.1016/j.tra.2018.01.008
  39. Montlaur, A., Delgado, L., and Trapote-Barreira, C., 2021, Analytical models for CO2 emissions and travel time for short-to-medium-haul flights considering available seats, Sustainability, 13(18), 10401. 10.3390/su131810401
  40. Nižetić, S., 2020, Impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on air transport mobility, energy, and environment: A case study, International Journal of Energy Research, 44(13), 10953-10961. 10.1002/er.5706
  41. Pagoni, I. and Psaraki-Kalouptsidi, V., 2017, Calculation of aircraft fuel consumption and CO2 emissions based on path profile estimation by clustering and registration, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 54, 172-190. 10.1016/j.trd.2017.05.006
  42. Park, Y. and O’Kelly, M.E., 2014, Fuel burn rates of commercial passenger aircraft: variations by seat configuration and stage distance, Journal of Transport Geography, 41, 137-147. 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.08.017
  43. Park, Y. and O’Kelly, M.E., 2018, Examination of cost-efficient aircraft fleets using empirical operation data in US aviation markets, Journal of Air Transport Management, 69, 224-234. 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2017.02.002
  44. Scheelhaase, J.D., Dahlmann, K., Jung, M., Keimel, H., Nieße, H., Sausen, R., Schaefer, M., and Wolters, F., 2016, How to best address aviation’s full climate impact from an economic policy point of view? - Main results from AviClim research project, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 45, 112-125. 10.1016/j.trd.2015.09.002
  45. Seymour, K., Held, M., Georges, G., and Boulouchos, K., 2020, Fuel estimation in air transportation: Modeling global fuel consumption for commercial aviation, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 88, 102528. 10.1016/j.trd.2020.102528
  46. Yanto, J. and Liem, R.P., 2018, Aircraft fuel burn performance study: A data-enhanced modeling approach, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 65, 574-595. 10.1016/j.trd.2018.09.014
  47. Xue, D., Liu, Z., Wang, B., and Yang, J., 2021, Impacts of COVID-19 on aircraft usage and fuel consumption: A case study on four Chinese international airports, Journal of Air Transport Management, 95, 102106. 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2021.102106PMC8445906
  48. Zheng, X. and Rutherford, D., 2020, Fuel Burn of New Commercial Jet Aircraft: 1960 to 2019, ICTT, https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/Aircraft-fuel-burn-trends-sept2020.pdf
Information
  • Publisher :The Korean Cartographic Association
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국지도학회
  • Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Cartographic Association
  • Journal Title(Ko) :한국지도학회지
  • Volume : 23
  • No :2
  • Pages :73-89
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.16879/jkca.2023.23.2.073
Journal Informaiton Journal of the Korean Cartographic Association Journal of the Korean Cartographic Association
Online Submission
  • NRF
  • KCI 문헌 유사도 검사
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close