Exploring the Differential Impacts of COVID-19 on International Airports in East Asia Using Node Centrality Measures

doi:10.16879/jkca.2022.22.3.001

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2022 Vol.22, Issue 3 Next Page

Research Article

Exploring the Differential Impacts of COVID-19 on International Airports in East Asia Using Node Centrality Measures COVID-19 팬데믹 전후 동아시아 국제공항들의 차별적인 연결성 변화 탐색: 박용하¹
Yongha Park¹; ¹전북대학교 지리교육과 조교수

¹Assistant Professor, Department of Geography Education, College of Education, Jeonbuk National University

31 December 2022. pp. 1-14

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Abstract

The main purpose of this study is to empirically explore the changes in international connectivity of airports in East Asia, and its hierarchical structure since the COVID-19 pandemic. For the purpose, we divide international airports in East Asia into two groups, the entire- and the upper class-airport groups, and analyze the differential changes of these groups, in terms of degree, betweenness, and closeness centrality, with Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test. The main results are as follows. First, the upper-class airport group shows the recovery of closeness centrality from 2020 to 2021, caused by the recovery of international airport networks outside East Asia, while both groups shows overall decreases of the centrality measures during the pandemic. Next, the upper-class airport group does not show significant changes in their centrality ranks during the pandemic as we confirm that through the null hypothesis of Wilcoxon signed-rank test rejected. This implies that the hierarchy of top airports in the international aviation markets is relatively stable against the pandemic. Finally, we find that changes of centrality ranking usually occur in airports located in tourist destinations or secondary airports in their regions.

Keywords

COVID-19 pandemic

Aviation market in East Asia

Aviation network

Network analysis

Airport Centrality

Airport hierarchy

이 연구는 COVID-19 팬데믹 이후 동아시아 국제공항들의 국제항공 연결성과 계층성의 차별적인 변화를 실증적으로 탐색하는 것을 주요 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 전체 공항 그룹으로부터 상위 공항 그룹을 구분하고, 네트워크 분석의 연결, 매개, 근접 중심성 지표를 이용하여 팬데믹 전후 두 공항 그룹의 중심성 변화에 대한 기술통계 분석을 실시하였다. 또한 윌콕슨 부호순위 검정(Wilcoxon signed-rank test)을 이용하여 세 중섬성 지표의 값과 순위 측면에서 두 공항 그룹의 변화에 대한 통계검정을 실시하였다. 주요 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저 2019~2021년에 걸쳐 두 공항 그룹은 전반적인 중심성 값의 감소 경향이 나타나는 가운데, 상위 공항 그룹의 근접 중심성은 역외 네트워크의 복구에 따라 2021년에는 2020년 대비 회복 양상을 보였다. 다음으로 세 중심성 지표의 순위 측면에서 상위 공항 그룹은 팬데믹 이후에도 귀무가설을 기각시킬 정도의 큰 변동이 나타나지 않았으며, 이는 팬데믹으로 인한 항공시장의 침체가 지속되는 상황 속에서도 상위 공항들의 중심성 우위는 비교적 안정적으로 유지되어 왔음을 의미한다. 마지막으로 동아시아 주요 공항들의 중심성 변화 분석을 통해 주로 관광지 혹은 지역의 이차 공항을 중심으로 순위 하락 경향이 나타나고 있음을 발견하였다. 이 연구는 팬데믹 이후 전 세계 국제공항 네트워크에서 나타나고 있는 차별적인 변화가 동아시아 공항들의 국제항공 연결성과 계층 구조에 미친 영향을 실증적으로 분석했다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

키워드

COVID-19 팬데믹

동아시아 항공시장

항공 네트워크

네트워크 분석

공항 중심성

공항 계층성

References

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Park, Y. and O’Kelly, M.E., 2016, Origin-destination synthesis for aviation network data: examining hub operations in the domestic and international US markets, Journal of Advanced Transportation, 50(8), 2288-2305. 10.1002/ATR.1459
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Sun, X., Wandelt, S., and Zhang, A., 2020, How did COVID-19 impact air transportation? A first peek through the lens of complex networks, Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 101928. 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101928
Sun, X., Wandelt, S., and Zhang, A., 2021a, On the degree of synchronization between air transport connectivity and COVID-19 cases at worldwide level, Transport Policy, 105, 115-123. 10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.03.005
Sun, X., Wandelt, S., Fricke, H., and Rosenow, J., 2021b, The Impact of COVID-19 on Air Transportation Network in the United States, Europe, and China, Sustainability, 13(17), 9656. 10.3390/su13179656
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Information

Publisher :The Korean Cartographic Association
Publisher(Ko) :한국지도학회
Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Cartographic Association
Journal Title(Ko) :한국지도학회지
Volume : 22
No :3
Pages :1-14
DOI :https://doi.org/10.16879/jkca.2022.22.3.001

[1] 박용하, 2020, “한･중･일 국제항공 네트워크 비교분석: 주요 공항 및 국적 항공사 네트워크를 중심으로,” 한국지도학회지, 20(3), 57-71. 10.16879/jkca.2020.20.3.057

[2] 박용하･손정웅, 2020, “코로나 19(COVID-19)의 초국가적 전파와 세계 항공 네트워크의 변화 간 연관성에 대한 시론적 연구,” 공간과사회, 30(3), 138-166. 10.19097/kaser.2020.30.3.138

[3] 신태진･김석･정세연, 2020, “코로나 19 확산이 동북아 공항 네트워크 중심성 지수에 미친 영향: 소셜 네트워크 분석을 중심으로,” 디지털융복합연구, 18(5), 179-186. 10.14400/JDC.2020.18.5.179

[4] 정필주･조정정･이향숙, 2020, “COVID-19 감염병 확산에 따른 항공여객 운송 네트워크 변화분석-아시아권역내 국제공항을 중심으로,” 물류학회지, 30(5), 119-136. 10.17825/klr.2020.30.5.119

[5] 한국교통연구원, 2015, ｢메르스(MERS-Cov)확산에 따른 항공수요 변화 현안분석 보고서｣.

[6] Abate, M., Christidis, P., and Purwanto, A.J., 2020, Government support to airlines in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 101931. 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101931

[7] Bajardi, P., Poletto, C., Ramasco, J.J., Tizzoni, M., Colizza, V., and Vespignani, A., 2011, Human mobility networks, travel restrictions, and the global spread of 2009 H1N1 pandemic, PloS one, 6(1), e16591. 10.1371/journal.pone.0016591

[8] Bao, X., Ji, P., Lin, W., Perc, M., and Kurths, J., 2021, The impact of COVID-19 on the worldwide air transportation network, Royal Society Open Science, 8(11), 210682. 10.1098/rsos.210682

[9] Brockmann, D. and Helbing, D., 2013, The Hidden Geometry of Complex, Network-Driven Contagion Phenomena, Science, 342(6164), 1337-1342. 10.1126/science.1245200

[10] Chen, M.H., Demir, E., García-Gómez, C.D., and Zaremba, A., 2020, The impact of policy responses to COVID-19 on US travel and leisure companies, Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 1(1), 100003. 10.1016/j.annale.2020.100003

[11] Cheung, T.K., Wong, C.W., and Zhang, A., 2020, The evolution of aviation network: Global airport connectivity index 2006-2016, Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 133, 101826. 10.1016/j.tre.2019.101826

[12] Dai, L., Derudder, B., and Liu, X., 2018, The evolving structure of the Southeast Asian air transport network through the lens of complex networks, 1979-2012, Journal of Transport Geography, 68, 67-77. 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.02.010

[13] Dube, K., Nhamo, G., and Chikodzi, D., 2021, COVID-19 pandemic and prospects for recovery of the global aviation industry, Journal of Air Transport Management, 92, 102022. 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2021.102022

[14] ICAO, 2022, Effects of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Civil Aviation: Economic, Impact Analysis (2022.09.12.).

[15] ICAO, 2021, Effects of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Civil Aviation: Economic, Impact Analysis (2021.11.23.).

[16] Janic, M., 2000, An assessment of risk and safety in civil aviation, Journal of Air Transport Management, 6(1), 43-50. 10.1016/S0969-6997(99)00021-6

[17] Kim, M. and Sohn, J., 2022, Passenger, airline, and policy responses to the COVID-19 crisis: The case of South Korea, Journal of Air Transport Management, 98, 102144. 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2021.102144

[18] Kuo, P.F., Putra, I.G.B., Setiawan, F.A., Wen, T.H., Chiu, C.S., and Sulistyah, U.D., 2022, The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on OD flow and airport networks in the origin country and in Northeast Asia, Journal of Air Transport Management, 100, 102192. 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2022.102192

[19] Lam, W.K., Zhong, N.S., and Tan, W.C., 2003, Overview on SARS in Asia and the world, Respirology, 8, S2-S5. 10.1046/j.1440-1843.2003.00516.x

[20] Li, S., Zhou, Y., Kundu, T., and Sheu, J.B., 2021, Spatiotemporal variation of the worldwide air transportation network induced by COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Transport Policy, 111, 168-184. 10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.08.001

[21] Mueller, F., 2021, Examining COVID-19-triggered changes in spatial connectivity patterns in the european air transport network up to june 2021, Research in Transportation Economics, 101127. 10.1016/j.retrec.2021.101127

[22] Park, Y. and O’Kelly, M.E., 2014, Fuel burn rates of commercial passenger aircraft: variations by seat configuration and stage distance, Journal of Transport Geography, 41, 137-147. 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.08.017

[23] Park, Y. and O’Kelly, M.E., 2016, Origin-destination synthesis for aviation network data: examining hub operations in the domestic and international US markets, Journal of Advanced Transportation, 50(8), 2288-2305. 10.1002/ATR.1459

[24] Suau-Sanchez, P., Voltes-Dorta, A., and Cugueró-Escofet, N. 2020, An early assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on air transport: Just another crisis or the end of aviation as we know it?, Journal of Transport Geography, 86, 102749. 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102749

[25] Sun, X., Wandelt, S., and Zhang, A., 2020, How did COVID-19 impact air transportation? A first peek through the lens of complex networks, Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 101928. 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101928

[26] Sun, X., Wandelt, S., and Zhang, A., 2021a, On the degree of synchronization between air transport connectivity and COVID-19 cases at worldwide level, Transport Policy, 105, 115-123. 10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.03.005

[27] Sun, X., Wandelt, S., Fricke, H., and Rosenow, J., 2021b, The Impact of COVID-19 on Air Transportation Network in the United States, Europe, and China, Sustainability, 13(17), 9656. 10.3390/su13179656

[28] Wasserman, S. and Faust, K., 1994, Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications, Vol. 8, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511815478

[29] Zaki, A.M., Van Boheemen, S., Bestebroer, T.M., Osterhaus, A.D., and Fouchier, R.A., 2012, Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia, New England Journal of Medicine, 367(19), 1814-1820. 10.1056/NEJMoa1211721

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