A Study on the Geographical Location of Mountains of the Moon and their Change on Western Old Maps

doi:10.16879/jkca.2023.23.2.001

All Issue

2023 Vol.23, Issue 2 Next Page

Research Article

A Study on the Geographical Location of Mountains of the Moon and their Change on Western Old Maps 서양고지도에 표시된 ‘달의 산맥’의 지리적 위치와 그 변화에 대한 연구: 정인철^1†
In-Chul Jung^1†; ¹부산대학교 사범대학 지리교육과 교수

¹Professor, Department of Geography Education, Pusan National University

31 August 2023. pp. 1-17

PDF

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the geographic location of of the Mountains of the Moon on Western old maps and how their position changed over time. To this end, maps published from the Middle Ages to the end of the 19th century, when the Mountains of the Moon disappeared from the map, were examined, and the characteristics of each era were summarized. The results show that before 1320, the Nile source was shown on maps under the influence of Paulus Orosius, and the Mountains of the Moon were not shown as a Nile source. It was not until 1321 that the Mountains of the Moon began to be expressed due to the influence of Islamic maps, and by the 15th century, the majority of the maps showed the Mountains of the Moon in Ptolemaic longitude and latitude coordinates. Later maps changed the location of the Mountains of the Moon to reflect primary data acquired by Islamic travelers, and even placed terrestrial paradise atop the Mountains of the Moon. Enlightenment geographers removed the Mountains of the Moon from maps, but by the 19th century, they were represented on maps as a huge trans-African mountain range connected to the Mountains of Kong.

Keywords

Mountains of the Moon

Source of the Nile

Claudius Ptolemy

Geographic location

Western Old maps

이 연구의 목적은 서양고지도에 표시된 ‘달의 산맥’의 지리적 위치와 시대별 위치 변화를 조사하는 것이다. 이를 위해 중세부터 ‘달의 산맥’이 지도에서 사라진 19세기말까지 간행된 지도를 조사하여, 시대별 특성을 정리했다. 조사 결과 1320년 이전에는 나일강 수원은 오로시우스의 영향을 받아 지도상에 표시되었고, ‘달의 산맥’은 나일강 수원으로 표시되지 않았다. 1321년 이후에야 이슬람 지도의 영향으로 ‘달의 산맥’이 표현되기 시작했으며, 15세기에는 프톨레마이오스가 언급한 경위도 좌표에 ‘달의 산맥’을 표기된 지도가 다수를 차지함을 확인했다. 이후 이슬람 여행자들에 의해 수집한 일차자료를 반영하여, 달의 산맥’의 위치를 변경시킨 지도가 등장했으며, ‘달의 산맥’ 정상에 지상낙원을 배치하기도 했다. 계몽시대의 지리학자들은 ‘달의 산맥’을 지도에서 삭제했으나, 19세기에는 콩 산맥과 이어지는 거대한 아프리카 횡단 산맥으로 지도에 표현되었음을 확인했다.

키워드

‘달의 산맥’

나일강 수원

프톨레마이오스

지리적 위치

서양고지도

References

오상학, 2016, “『혼일강리역대국도지도』의 최근 담론과 지도의 재평가,” 국토지리학회지, 50(1), 117-134.
이상균･남영우, 2017, “중세 유럽의 T-O 지도 유형과 아르메니아 T-O 지도의 특징,” 한국지도학회지, 17(3), 1-14. 10.16879/jkca.2017.17.3.001
정인철, 2006, “프톨레마이오스의 지도투영법의 원리,” 한국지도학회지, 6(1), 11-16.
정인철, 2022, “서양고지도에 표시된 사티로룸의 지리적 위치와 그 변화에 대한 연구,” 한국지도학회지, 22(1), 1-15. 10.16879/jkca.2022.22.1.001
조지형, 2012, “혼일강리역대국도지도(混一疆理歷代國都之圖)의 아프리카; 비교사적 검토,” 이화사학연구, 45, 75-106. 10.37091/ewhist.2012..45.003
차선일･유정완, 2021, “<혼일강리역대국도지도>와 사상으로서의 ‘아프리카’ - 혼일의 세계상과 탈중화의 주체성, 사상과제로서의 아프리카,” 인문학연구, 46, 253-286. 10.35559/TJOH.46.8
Arrowsmith, A., 1831, A Compendium of Ancient and Modern Geography, London: E. Williams.
Barney, S.A., Lewis, W.J., Beach, J.A., and Berghof, O., 2006, The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511482113
Bassett, T.J. and Porter, P.W., 1991, ‘From the Best Authorities’: The Mountains of Kong in the Cartography of West Africa, The Journal of African History, 32(3), 367-413. 10.1017/S0021853700031522
Berg, C., 2022, Sanudo’s Vision, Vesconte’s Expertise, and the Ghost Hand: Reception of the Maps in the MS Additional 27376, Material Culture Review, 94, 33-49. 10.7202/1092686ar
Bostock, J. and Riley, H.T., 1857, The Natural History of Pliny, London: Henry G. Bohn.
Burton, R.F., 1860, The Lake Regions of Central Africa, Vol.2, London: Longman. 10.5479/sil.212652.39088000145755
Crawford, O.G.S., 1949, Some Medieval Theories about the Nile, The Geographical Journal, 114(1/3), 6-23. 10.2307/1789985
Edney, M.H. and Pedley, M.S., 2020, Introduction, in Edney, M.H. and Pedley, M.S. eds., The History of Cartography, Vol.4, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, xxiii-xxxvii.
Edson, E., 1997, Mapping Time and Space: How Medieval Mapmakers Viewed Their World, London: British Library.
Edson, E., 2007, The World Map, 1300-1492, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 10.1353/book.3516
Eggermont, H., Van Damme, K., and Russell, J.M., 2009, Rwenzori Mountains (Mountains of the Moon): Headwaters of the White Nile, in Dumont, H.J. eds., The Nile, Dordrecht: Springer, 243-261. 10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_13
Falchetta, P., 2006, Fra Mauro’s World Map, Turnhout: Brepols.
Fear, A.T., 2010, Orosius: Seven Books of History against the Pagans, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. 10.3828/978-1-84631-473-5
Gauthier, L.O., 1833, Géographie de l’abbé Gaultier, Paris: Chez Jules Renouard.
Grčić, M., 2021, Geographical image of the world in the London Psalter Maps from the 13th century, Zbornik Radova, 69, 25-61, 10.5937/zrgfub2169025G
Merrills, A.H., 2005, History and Geography in Late Antiquity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511496370
Mittman, A.S., 2013, Gates, Hats, and Naked Jews: Sorting out the Nubian Guards on the Ebstorf Map, Zeitschrift für Geschlechterforschung und visuelle Kultur, 54, 89-101. https://doi.org/10.25595/2178
Park, M., 1799, Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa: Performed under the Direction and Patronage of the African Association, in the Years 1795, 1796, and 1797, London: W. Bulmer and Co. 10.5962/bhl.title.101966
Randles, W.G.L., 1956, South-east Africa as Shown on Selected Printed Maps of the Sixteenth Century, Imago Mundi, 13(1), 69-88. 10.1080/03085695608592128
Rapoport, Y., 2020, Islamic Maps, Oxford: Bodleian Library.
Relaño, F., 1995, Against Ptolemy: The Significance of the Lopes-Pigafetta Map of Africa, Imago Mundi, 47(1), 49-66. 10.1080/03085699508592813
Relaño, F., 2004, Paradise in Africa The History of a Geographical Myth from its Origins in Medieval Thought to its Gradual Demise in Early Modern Europe, Terrae Incognitae, 36(1), 1-11. 10.1179/tin.2004.36.1.1
Scafi, A., 2006, Mapping Paradise: A History of Heaven on Earth, Chicago: The University of Chicago press.
Schröder, S., 2021, “Transitional” or “Transcultural” Maps? The Function and Impact of Arabic-Islamic Elements in Latin Christian Cartography of the Early Fourteenth Century, in Hiatt, A. eds., Cartography between Christian Europe and the Arabic-Islamic world, 1100-1500, Leiden: Brill, 137-159. 10.1163/9789004446038_00734384796
Shirley, R.W., 2001, The Mapping of the World: Early Printed World Maps 1472-1700, Riverside: Early World Press.
Sidiropoulos, G. and Dimitrios, K., 2014, The mountains of the Moon: A puzzle of the Ptolemaic geography, Byzantina Symmeicta, 24(1), 29-66. 10.12681/byzsym.1131
Stevenson, E.L., 1991, The Geography: Claudius Ptolemy, New York: Dover Publications.
Walford, E., 1855, The Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius, London: Henry G. Bohn.
Westrem, S.D., 2001, The Hereford Map, Turnhour: Brepols.
Williams, J., 1997, Isidore, Orosius and the Beatus Map, Imago Mundi, 49, 7-32. 10.1080/03085699708592856
Woodward, D., 1987, Medieval Mappaemundi, in Harley, J.B. and Woodward, D., eds., History of Cartography, Vol.1, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 286-370.
Woodward, D., 2007, Cartography and the Renaissance Continuity and Change, in Woodward, D., eds., History of Cartography, Vol.3, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 3-24.
Wright, J.K., 1928, The Leardo Map of the World 1452 or 1453, New York: American geographical society.
Yilmaz, I., 2015, A Historical Review of the Geographical Information on the Source of the Nile Contained within the ‘Book of Navigation’, Area, 47(3), 272-281. 10.1111/area.12190
갈릴레오 도서관, ｢프라 마우로 지도｣, https://mostre.museogalileo.it/framauro/en/interactive-exploration/explore.html (2023.07 검색)
대영도서관, ｢베아투스 리에바나 지도｣, https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/beatus-world-map (2023.07 검색)
대영도서관, 안젤루스 1406년 지도, https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMINBig.ASP?size=big&IllID=28903 (2023.07 검색)
미국의회도서관, 가스탈디 1564년 지도, https://www.loc.gov/item/2021668433 (2023.07 검색)
미국의회도서관, 르넬의 1798년 ｢아프리카 지도｣, https://www.loc.gov/item/2009583841/ (2023.07 검색)
미국의회도서관, 발트제뮐러 1507년 ｢세계지도｣, https://www.loc.gov/item/2003626426 (2023.07 검색)
미국의회도서관, 저노즈 지도, https://www.loc.gov/item/97690053/ (2023.07 검색)
맨체스터대학교 존 라이랜드 도서관, ｢라일랜드 베아투스 지도｣, https://connectingcollections-manmel.com/borgia-mappa-mundi/ (2023.07 검색)
에스텐스 대학교 도서관, Biblioteca Estense Universitaria, ｢카탈란 에스텐스 지도｣, https://acm5.blogs.rice.edu/color-plate-1/ (2023.07 검색)
프랑스국립도서관, 메르카토르 1569년 지도, https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb406117315 (2023.07 검색)
프랑스국립도서관, 당빌 1749년 ｢아프리카｣, https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40593539b (2023.07 검색)

Information

Publisher :The Korean Cartographic Association
Publisher(Ko) :한국지도학회
Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Cartographic Association
Journal Title(Ko) :한국지도학회지
Volume : 23
No :2
Pages :1-17
DOI :https://doi.org/10.16879/jkca.2023.23.2.001

[1] 오상학, 2016, “『혼일강리역대국도지도』의 최근 담론과 지도의 재평가,” 국토지리학회지, 50(1), 117-134.

[2] 이상균･남영우, 2017, “중세 유럽의 T-O 지도 유형과 아르메니아 T-O 지도의 특징,” 한국지도학회지, 17(3), 1-14. 10.16879/jkca.2017.17.3.001

[3] 정인철, 2006, “프톨레마이오스의 지도투영법의 원리,” 한국지도학회지, 6(1), 11-16.

[4] 정인철, 2022, “서양고지도에 표시된 사티로룸의 지리적 위치와 그 변화에 대한 연구,” 한국지도학회지, 22(1), 1-15. 10.16879/jkca.2022.22.1.001

[5] 조지형, 2012, “혼일강리역대국도지도(混一疆理歷代國都之圖)의 아프리카; 비교사적 검토,” 이화사학연구, 45, 75-106. 10.37091/ewhist.2012..45.003

[6] 차선일･유정완, 2021, “<혼일강리역대국도지도>와 사상으로서의 ‘아프리카’ - 혼일의 세계상과 탈중화의 주체성, 사상과제로서의 아프리카,” 인문학연구, 46, 253-286. 10.35559/TJOH.46.8

[7] Arrowsmith, A., 1831, A Compendium of Ancient and Modern Geography, London: E. Williams.

[8] Barney, S.A., Lewis, W.J., Beach, J.A., and Berghof, O., 2006, The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511482113

[9] Bassett, T.J. and Porter, P.W., 1991, ‘From the Best Authorities’: The Mountains of Kong in the Cartography of West Africa, The Journal of African History, 32(3), 367-413. 10.1017/S0021853700031522

[10] Berg, C., 2022, Sanudo’s Vision, Vesconte’s Expertise, and the Ghost Hand: Reception of the Maps in the MS Additional 27376, Material Culture Review, 94, 33-49. 10.7202/1092686ar

[11] Bostock, J. and Riley, H.T., 1857, The Natural History of Pliny, London: Henry G. Bohn.

[12] Burton, R.F., 1860, The Lake Regions of Central Africa, Vol.2, London: Longman. 10.5479/sil.212652.39088000145755

[13] Crawford, O.G.S., 1949, Some Medieval Theories about the Nile, The Geographical Journal, 114(1/3), 6-23. 10.2307/1789985

[14] Edney, M.H. and Pedley, M.S., 2020, Introduction, in Edney, M.H. and Pedley, M.S. eds., The History of Cartography, Vol.4, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, xxiii-xxxvii.

[15] Edson, E., 1997, Mapping Time and Space: How Medieval Mapmakers Viewed Their World, London: British Library.

[16] Edson, E., 2007, The World Map, 1300-1492, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 10.1353/book.3516

[17] Eggermont, H., Van Damme, K., and Russell, J.M., 2009, Rwenzori Mountains (Mountains of the Moon): Headwaters of the White Nile, in Dumont, H.J. eds., The Nile, Dordrecht: Springer, 243-261. 10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_13

[18] Falchetta, P., 2006, Fra Mauro’s World Map, Turnhout: Brepols.

[19] Fear, A.T., 2010, Orosius: Seven Books of History against the Pagans, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. 10.3828/978-1-84631-473-5

[20] Gauthier, L.O., 1833, Géographie de l’abbé Gaultier, Paris: Chez Jules Renouard.

[21] Grčić, M., 2021, Geographical image of the world in the London Psalter Maps from the 13th century, Zbornik Radova, 69, 25-61, 10.5937/zrgfub2169025G

[22] Merrills, A.H., 2005, History and Geography in Late Antiquity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511496370

[23] Mittman, A.S., 2013, Gates, Hats, and Naked Jews: Sorting out the Nubian Guards on the Ebstorf Map, Zeitschrift für Geschlechterforschung und visuelle Kultur, 54, 89-101. https://doi.org/10.25595/2178

[24] Park, M., 1799, Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa: Performed under the Direction and Patronage of the African Association, in the Years 1795, 1796, and 1797, London: W. Bulmer and Co. 10.5962/bhl.title.101966

[25] Randles, W.G.L., 1956, South-east Africa as Shown on Selected Printed Maps of the Sixteenth Century, Imago Mundi, 13(1), 69-88. 10.1080/03085695608592128

[26] Rapoport, Y., 2020, Islamic Maps, Oxford: Bodleian Library.

[27] Relaño, F., 1995, Against Ptolemy: The Significance of the Lopes-Pigafetta Map of Africa, Imago Mundi, 47(1), 49-66. 10.1080/03085699508592813

[28] Relaño, F., 2004, Paradise in Africa The History of a Geographical Myth from its Origins in Medieval Thought to its Gradual Demise in Early Modern Europe, Terrae Incognitae, 36(1), 1-11. 10.1179/tin.2004.36.1.1

[29] Scafi, A., 2006, Mapping Paradise: A History of Heaven on Earth, Chicago: The University of Chicago press.

[30] Schröder, S., 2021, “Transitional” or “Transcultural” Maps? The Function and Impact of Arabic-Islamic Elements in Latin Christian Cartography of the Early Fourteenth Century, in Hiatt, A. eds., Cartography between Christian Europe and the Arabic-Islamic world, 1100-1500, Leiden: Brill, 137-159. 10.1163/9789004446038_00734384796

[31] Shirley, R.W., 2001, The Mapping of the World: Early Printed World Maps 1472-1700, Riverside: Early World Press.

[32] Sidiropoulos, G. and Dimitrios, K., 2014, The mountains of the Moon: A puzzle of the Ptolemaic geography, Byzantina Symmeicta, 24(1), 29-66. 10.12681/byzsym.1131

[33] Stevenson, E.L., 1991, The Geography: Claudius Ptolemy, New York: Dover Publications.

[34] Walford, E., 1855, The Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius, London: Henry G. Bohn.

[35] Westrem, S.D., 2001, The Hereford Map, Turnhour: Brepols.

[36] Williams, J., 1997, Isidore, Orosius and the Beatus Map, Imago Mundi, 49, 7-32. 10.1080/03085699708592856

[37] Woodward, D., 1987, Medieval Mappaemundi, in Harley, J.B. and Woodward, D., eds., History of Cartography, Vol.1, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 286-370.

[38] Woodward, D., 2007, Cartography and the Renaissance Continuity and Change, in Woodward, D., eds., History of Cartography, Vol.3, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 3-24.

[39] Wright, J.K., 1928, The Leardo Map of the World 1452 or 1453, New York: American geographical society.

[40] Yilmaz, I., 2015, A Historical Review of the Geographical Information on the Source of the Nile Contained within the ‘Book of Navigation’, Area, 47(3), 272-281. 10.1111/area.12190

[41] 갈릴레오 도서관, ｢프라 마우로 지도｣, https://mostre.museogalileo.it/framauro/en/interactive-exploration/explore.html (2023.07 검색)

[42] 대영도서관, ｢베아투스 리에바나 지도｣, https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/beatus-world-map (2023.07 검색)

[43] 대영도서관, 안젤루스 1406년 지도, https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMINBig.ASP?size=big&IllID=28903 (2023.07 검색)

[44] 미국의회도서관, 가스탈디 1564년 지도, https://www.loc.gov/item/2021668433 (2023.07 검색)

[45] 미국의회도서관, 르넬의 1798년 ｢아프리카 지도｣, https://www.loc.gov/item/2009583841/ (2023.07 검색)

[46] 미국의회도서관, 발트제뮐러 1507년 ｢세계지도｣, https://www.loc.gov/item/2003626426 (2023.07 검색)

[47] 미국의회도서관, 저노즈 지도, https://www.loc.gov/item/97690053/ (2023.07 검색)

[48] 맨체스터대학교 존 라이랜드 도서관, ｢라일랜드 베아투스 지도｣, https://connectingcollections-manmel.com/borgia-mappa-mundi/ (2023.07 검색)

[49] 에스텐스 대학교 도서관, Biblioteca Estense Universitaria, ｢카탈란 에스텐스 지도｣, https://acm5.blogs.rice.edu/color-plate-1/ (2023.07 검색)

[50] 프랑스국립도서관, 메르카토르 1569년 지도, https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb406117315 (2023.07 검색)

[51] 프랑스국립도서관, 당빌 1749년 ｢아프리카｣, https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40593539b (2023.07 검색)

Journal of the Korean Cartographic Association ISSN:1598-6160(Print) 한국지도학회지

All Issue