All Issue

2026 Vol.26, Issue 1 Preview Page

Research Article

A Spatial Analysis of Food Deserts in Seoul Integrating Physical and Digital Accessibility

물리적, 디지털 접근성을 반영한 서울시 식품사막에 대한 공간분석

김세헌1 · 김영호2†

Se Heon Kim1 · Youngho Kim2†

1고려대학교 일반대학원 지리학과 석사과정
2고려대학교 일반대학원 지리학과/사범대학 지리교육과 교수
1Master Student, Department of Geography, Korea University
2Professor, Department of Geography & Geography Education, Korea University
30 April 2026. pp. 53~68
PDF Citation
Abstract
This study quantified physical and digital accessibility across 426 administrative dongs in Seoul and identified areas corresponding to food deserts based on the combined levels of the two accessibility dimensions. Physical accessibility was calculated using the Gaussian Two-Step Floating Catchment Area (Gaussian 2SFCA) method incorporating pedestrian network distances. Digital accessibility was derived through principal component analysis (PCA) of standardized socio-demographic variables associated with digital service use. Each index was classified into quartiles, and a cross-classification was conducted to identify areas with low accessibility in both dimensions. The results indicate that areas with both low physical and low digital accessibility are distributed across Seoul. This suggests that when mobility-based access and digital access are simultaneously limited within the same area, the potential for substitution between the two access pathways becomes restricted. By integrating digital accessibility into conventional distance-based accessibility analysis, this study identifies areas with low food access that would not be detected using a single accessibility measure.
Keywords
Food desert
Physical accessibility
Digital accessibility
Gaussian 2SFCA
PCA
본 연구는 서울시 426개 행정동을 대상으로 물리적 접근성과 디지털 접근성을 계량화하고, 두 접근성을 기준으로 식품사막에 해당하는 지역을 정량적으로 도출하였다. 물리적 접근성은 도보 네트워크를 반영한 Gaussian Two-Step Floating Catchment Area(Gaussian 2SFCA) 기법을 이용하여 산출하였다. 디지털 접근성은 디지털 기반 서비스 이용 수준과 통계적으로 연관된 사회·인구학적 변수를 표준화한 후 주성분분석(PCA)을 통해 지표를 산출하였다. 각 지표를 사분위로 구분한 후 교차 분석한 결과, 물리적 접근성과 디지털 접근성이 모두 낮은 지역이 서울 전역에 분포한다. 이는 오프라인 이동 기반 접근과 디지털 기반 접근이 동일한 지역에서 모두 낮게 나타날 경우, 접근 경로 간 보완이 제한됨을 의미한다. 본 연구는 거리 기반 접근성 분석에 디지털 접근성을 결합함으로써, 단일 접근성 지표로는 식별되지 않는 식료품 접근성이 낮은 지역을 도출하였다.
키워드
식품사막
물리적 접근성
디지털 접근성
Gaussian 2SFCA
주성분분석
References
  1. 강전영·박진우, 2021, “코로나-19 상설선별진료소 및 임시선별검사소의 공간적 접근성 분석 - 서울시를 사례로-,” 대한지리학회지, 56(2), 231-244.
  2. 구자용, 2023, “위치기반 소셜 네트워크 데이터를 이용한 서울시 식품 사막의 공간적 탐색,” 국토지리학회지, 57(1), 1-9. 10.22905/kaopqj.2023.57.1.1
  3. 권선희, 2022, “디지털 정보격차에 대한 취약계층의 계층별 분석,” 지식경영연구, 23(4), 1-19. 10.5762/KAIS.2022.23.11.738
  4. 김종성·김걸, 2024, “주거지 분화에 기반한 서울시의 공간 불평등 실태 분석,” 한국도시지리학회지, 27(1), 49-63. 10.21189/JKUGS.27.1.4
  5. 맹다미·박민진·이진희·김승훈, 2023, 「서울형 보행일상권 구현 위한 일상생활권과 일상시설 탐색 연구」, 서울연구원.
  6. 서울디지털재단, 2021, 「2021 서울시민 디지털역량 실태조사」, 서울디지털재단.
  7. 서울디지털재단, 2023, 「2023 서울시민 디지털역량 실태조사」, 서울디지털재단.
  8. 서울특별시, 2023, 「2040 서울도시기본계획」, 서울특별시.
  9. 성태경·이수기, 2021, “서울시 근린지역 식품환경의 접근성 변화와 식품사막 현상 분석: 저소득 고령자 밀집 지역을 중심으로,” 국토계획, 56(1), 137-155. 10.17208/jkpa.2021.02.56.1.137
  10. 안정임·서윤경, 2014, “디지털 미디어 리터러시 격차의 세부요인 분석: 세대와 경제수준을 중심으로,” 디지털융복합연구, 12(2), 69-78. 10.14400/JDC.2014.12.2.69
  11. 이누리·김걸, 2017, “서울시의 식품 사막 사례 연구,” 한국도시지리학회지, 20(3), 79-90. 10.21189/JKUGS.20.3.6
  12. 정다은·정광진·유석연, 2021, “서울시 지역생활서비스시설 불균등 분석,” 한국도시설계학회지 도시설계, 22(2), 59-78. 10.38195/judik.2021.04.22.2.59
  13. 정희지·강전영, 2024, “영유아 및 소아 의료 인프라의 공간적 접근성에 대한 시간적 불균형 탐색: 서울특별시의 평일 주간, 평일 야간, 주말을 대상으로,” 한국지도학회지, 24(3), 61-73. 10.16879/jkca.2024.24.3.061
  14. 한국농수산식품유통공사, 2023, 「신선편의식품 세분시장 현황 보고서」, 한국농수산식품유통공사.
  15. 한국지능정보사회진흥원, 2024, 「2024 디지털정보격차 실태조사」, 한국지능정보사회진흥원.
  16. Apparicio, P., Cloutier, M.-S., and Shearmur, R., 2007, The case of Montreal's missing food deserts: evaluation of accessibility to food supermarkets, International Journal of Health Geographics 6, 1-13. 10.1186/1476-072X-6-4 17295912 PMC1803774
  17. Arroyo-Menéndez, M., Barañano-Cid, M., and Uceda-Navas, P., 2022, Unequal in the smart city? Spatial segregation and digital inequalities in Madrid, Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 180(180), 19-71.
  18. Barrington-Leigh, C. and Millard-Ball, A., 2017, The world’s user-generated road map is more than 80% complete, PLOS ONE, 12(8), e0180698. 10.1371/journal.pone.0180698 28797037 PMC5552279
  19. Beaulac, J., Kristjansson, E., and Cummins, S., 2009, A systematic review of food deserts, 1966-2007, Preventing Chronic Disease, 6(3), A105-A105.
  20. Chea, H. and Sharma, M., 2019, Residential segregation in hillside areas of Seoul, South Korea: A novel approach of geomorphons classification, Applied Geography, 108, 9-21. 10.1016/j.apgeog.2019.04.009
  21. Clarke, G. and Eyre, H., 2002, Deriving Indicators of Access to Food Retail Provision in British Cities: Studies of Cardiff, Leeds and Bradford, Urban Studies, 39(11), 2041-2060. 10.1080/0042098022000011353
  22. Cummins, S., and Macintyre, S., 2002, “Food deserts”—evidence and assumption in health policy making, BMJ, 325(7361), 436-436. 10.1136/bmj.325.7361.436 12193363 PMC1123946
  23. Dai, D., 2010, Black residential segregation, disparities in spatial access to health care facilities, and late-stage breast cancer diagnosis in metropolitan Detroit, Health & Place, 16(5), 1038-1052. 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.06.012
  24. Goodchild, M. F., and Lam, N. S.-N., 1980, Areal interpolation, Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, 1(3), 297-312.
  25. Ha, J., 2025, Online delivery platforms: Disparities in food access in US metro areas, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 145, 104749. 10.1016/j.trd.2025.104749
  26. Hassell, C., 2019, Principal component analysis of social capital indicators, ONS Methodology Paper.
  27. Hunyadi, J., Savas, L. S., Zhang, K., Deason, J. E., Ramphul, R., Peskin, M. F., Frost, E. L., and Bauer, C., 2025, A comparison of floating catchment area parameters with applications to a dataset of clinics enrolled in a statewide child and adolescent psychiatric consultation program, Frontiers in Public Health, 13, 1498819. 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1498819 40051515 PMC11882419
  28. Jolliffe, I., 2002, Principal Component Analysis, New York: Springer-Verlag.
  29. Jolliffe, I. and Cadima, J., 2016, Principal component analysis: A review and recent developments, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 374, 20150202. 10.1098/rsta.2015.0202 26953178 PMC4792409
  30. Kim, J., 2020, Analysis for Growth Potential in Response to Changes in the Online Food Market, Sustainability, 12(11), 4386. 10.3390/su12114386
  31. Larson, N. I., Story, M. T., and Nelson, M. C., 2009, Neighborhood environments: disparities in access to healthy foods in the U.S., American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 36(1), 74-81. 10.1016/j.amepre.2008.09.025
  32. Luo, W. and Wang, F., 2003, Measures of spatial accessibility to health care in a GIS environment: synthesis and a case study in the Chicago region, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 30(6), 865-884. 10.1068/b29120 34188345 PMC8238135
  33. Morland, K., Diez Roux, A. V., and Wing, S., 2006, Supermarkets, Other Food Stores, and Obesity: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 30(4), 333-339. 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.11.003
  34. Oliver, L. N., Schuurman, N., and Hall, A. W., 2007, Comparing circular and network buffers to examine the influence of land use on walking for leisure and errands, International Journal of Health Geographics, 6, 41. 10.1186/1476-072X-6-41 17883870 PMC2034381
  35. OECD, 2008, Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators: Methodology and User Guide, OECD Publishing.
  36. Östh, J., Lyhagen, J., and Reggiani, A., 2016, A new way of determining distance decay parameters in spatial interaction models with application to job accessibility analysis in Sweden, European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, 16(2), 344-363. 10.18757/EJTIR.2016.16.2.3142
  37. Shaw, H. J., 2006, Food Deserts: Towards the Development of a Classification, Geografiska Annaler Series B, Human Geography, 88(2), 231-247. 10.1111/j.0435-3684.2006.00217.x
  38. Trude, A. C. B., Lowery, C. M., Ali, S. H., and Vedovato, G. M., 2022, An equity-oriented systematic review of online grocery shopping among low-income populations: implications for policy and research, Nutrition Reviews, 80(5), 1294-1310. 10.1093/nutrit/nuab122 35076065 PMC8990744
  39. Vieira, W. da C., Ferreira Neto, J. A., Roque, M. P. B., and da Rocha, B. D., 2022, Using Principal Component Analysis to Build Socioeconomic Status Indices, International Journal of Statistics and Applications, 12(3), 77-82.
  40. Walker, R. E., Keane, C. R., and Burke, J. G., 2010, Disparities and access to healthy food in the United States: A review of food deserts literature, Health & Place, 16(5), 876-884. 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.04.013
  41. Whelan, A., Wrigley, N., Warm, D., and Cannings, E., 2002, Life in a ‘Food Desert’, Urban Studies, 39(11), 2083-2100. 10.1080/0042098022000011371
  42. Widener, M. J. and Shannon, J., 2014, When are food deserts? Integrating time into research on food accessibility, Health & Place, 30, 1-3. 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.07.011
  43. Wrigley, N., 2002, ‘Food Deserts’ in British Cities: Policy Context and Research Priorities, Urban Studies, 39(11), 2029-2040. 10.1080/0042098022000011344
  44. Yun, H. and Lee, G., 2024, The Spatial Digital Divide in Food Accessibility: Food Desert in Seoul, South Korea, SSRN Working Paper. 10.2139/ssrn.5049226
  45. OpenStreetMap, 2025, https://www.openstreetmap.org/
  46. Trust for London, 2021, https://trustforlondon.org.uk/
  47. 서울시 열린데이터광장, 2024, https://data.seoul.go.kr/
  48. 서울시 상권분석서비스, 2024, https://golmok.seoul.go.kr/
  49. 카카오 로컬 API, 2025, https://developers.kakao.com/
  50. 통계지리정보서비스(SGIS), 2020, https://sgis.kostat.go.kr/
  51. 소상공인시장진흥공단, 2024, https://www.semas.or.kr/
Information
  • Publisher :The Korean Cartographic Association
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국지도학회
  • Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Cartographic Association
  • Journal Title(Ko) :한국지도학회지
  • Volume : 26
  • No :1
  • Pages :53~68
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.16879/jkca.2026.26.1.053
Journal Informaiton Journal of the Korean Cartographic Association Journal of the Korean Cartographic Association
Online Submission
  • NRF
  • KCI 문헌 유사도 검사
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close