The Spatio-temporal Characteristics of Unconventional Radiance Distribution Appearing on the SNPP VIIRS DNB Nighttime Imagery of North Korea

doi:10.16879/jkca.2020.20.1.081

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2020 Vol.20, Issue 1 Preview Page Next Page

Research Article

The Spatio-temporal Characteristics of Unconventional Radiance Distribution Appearing on the SNPP VIIRS DNB Nighttime Imagery of North Korea 북한 지역의 SNPP VIIRS DNB 야간영상에 나타난 이례적 복사도 분포의 시공간적 특성: 김민호
Minho Kim; 상명대학교 공간환경학부 부교수

Associate Professor, School of Space and Environment Studies, Sangmyung University

30 April 2020. pp. 81-92

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Abstract

The VIIRS instrument is loaded in recently-launched SNPP satellite, and it can record artificial lights intensity, radiated from the Earth’s surface at night, in DNB images. They are utilized as spatial proxy data to estimate socio-economic indices such as population and gross domestic product. However, unconventional radiance, including negative and null values, would occur on VIIRS DNB imagery. Taking it into account, this research investigated the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of abnormal radiance that could exit in the monthly VIIRS DNB images of North Korea. The unconventional radiance of North Korea could be characterized to be temporally-inequal distribution and spatially-imbalanced distribution. In addition, this study identified local striping in the monthly VIIRS DNB, which might be influenced by sensor malfunction. Such abnormal radiance would result in the biased estimate of a socio-economic index for North Korea. Therefore, future research will need to employ VIIRS DNB data analysis that considers the potential of unconventional radiance occurrence.

Keywords

VIIRS DNB

Artificial lights

Unconventional radiance

North Korea

Temporally-inequal pattern

Spatially-imbalanced distribution

최근 지구 궤도에 발사된 SNPP 위성에 탑재된 VIIRS 센서는 야간에 지표에서 방사된 인공조명의 세기를 DNB 영상에 기록할 수 있다. VIIRS DNB 영상은 인구 및 국내총생산과 같은 사회경제적 지표의 추정을 위한 공간적 대안 자료로 이용되고 있다. 그러나 음의 값과 널값(null radiance)을 포함한 이례적 복사도가 이 자료에 나타날 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 북한을 포함한 월 단위 VIIRS DNB 영상에 내재할 수 있는 비정상적 복사 휘도의 시공간적 분포 특성을 조사하였다. 북한 지역의 이례적 복사도는 시간적 편중과 공간적 불균형에 따른 분포 특성을 보였다. 이뿐 아니라 월 단위 영상에서는 감지기 오작동에 의한 국지적 잡음이 확인되기도 했다. 이러한 비정상적 복사 휘도는 북한 지역에 대한 사회경제지표의 추정 결과에 왜곡을 초래할 수 있다. 따라서 이례적 복사도 존재 가능성을 고려한 VIIRS DNB 영상 분석이 향후 연구에서 고려되어야 한다.

키워드

VIIRS DNB

인공조명

이례적 복사도

북한

시간적 편중

공간적 불균형

References

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김민호, 2020, “VIIRS DNB 야간영상자료 복사 휘도의 시공간적 특성: 남한지역을 사례로, 국토지리학회지,” 54(1), 출간중.
김민호, 2019, “DMSP-OLS 영상자료를 이용한 중국 접경지역 경제성장의 시·공간적 역동성 추정,” 한국지도학회지, 19(2), 65-77.
오재일･박정민, 2002, “남북행정구역의 변천과 발전방향,” 행정논총, 40(2), 29-62.
유다현･김민호, 2019, “야간인공위성 영상자료 블루밍 현상의 공간패턴에 관한 연구: DMSP/OLS와 SNPP/ VIIRS DNB 영상자료를 대상으로,” 국토지리학회지, 53(2), 203-212.
김민호, 2017, “DMSP OLS 야간 영상을 이용한 중국 랴오닝성 도시화의 시계열 분석,” 한국지도학회지, 17(3), 85-96.
김상우･조규대･김영섭･최윤선･안유환･김용승, 2005, “DMSP/ OLS 영상에서 관측한 동해 야간조업어선의 분포 특성,” 한국수산과학회지, 38(5), 323-330.
통일부, 2020, 북한정보포털, URL: https://nkinfo.unikorea. go.kr/nkp/main/portalMain.do(최근 접속일: 2020년 1월 20일).
Addison, D., and Stewart, B., 2015, Nighttime light revisited: the use of nighttime lights data as a proxy for economic variables, World Bank Group eLibrary, https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-7496.10.1596/1813-9450-7496.
Amaral, S., Monteiro, A.M.V., Camara, G., and Quintanilha, J.A., 2004, DMSP/OLS night‐time light imagery for urban population estimates in the Brazilian Amazon, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 27(5), 855-870.10.1080/01431160500181861
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 2020, EAST ASIA/ SOUTHEAST ASIA - KOREA, NORTH, URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/print_kn.html (최근 접속일: 2020년 4월 15일)
Douga, E., Kennedy, R., and Urpelainen, J., 2018, Satellite data for the social sciences: measuring rural electrification with night-time lights, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 39(9), 2690-2701.10.1080/01431161.2017.1420936
Elvidge, C.D., Hsu, F.C., Baugh, K., and Ghosh, T., 2014, National trends in satellite observed lighting: 1992-2012, in Weng, Q., ed., Global Urban Monitoring and Assessment through Earth Observation, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 97-120.10.1201/b17012-9
Elvidge, C.D., Baugh, K., Zhinzhin, M., Hsu, F.C., and Ghosh, T., 2017, VIIRS night-time lights, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 38(21), 5860-5879.10.1080/01431161.2017.1342050
Elvidge, C.D., Cinzano, P., Pettit, D.R., Arvesen, J., Sutton, P., Small, C., Nemani, R., Longcore, T., Rich, C., Safran, J., Weeks, J., and Ebener, S., 2007, The nightsat mission concept, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 28(12), 2645-2670.10.1080/01431160600981525
EOP (Earth Observation Portal), 2019, DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program): DMSP Block 5D-3 Satellite Series, URL: https://directory. eoportal.org/web/eoportal/-/dmsp (최근 접속일: 2019년 12월 27일).
Forbes, D.J., 2013, Multi-scale analysis of the relationship between economic statistics and DMSP-OLS night light images, GIScience & Remote Sensing, 50(5), 483-499.10.1080/15481603.2013.823732
Hall, O., 2010, Remote sensing in social science research, The Optical Remote Sensing Journal, 3, 1-16.10.2174/1875413901003010001
Imhoff, M.L., Lawrence, W.T., Stutzer, D.C., and Elvidge, C.D., 1997, A technique for using composite DMSP/OLS city lights satellite data to map urban area, Remote Sensing of Environment, 61, 361-370.10.1016/S0034-4257(97)00046-1
Lee, S., and Cao, C., 2016, Soumi NPP VIIRS Day/Night Band Stray Light Characterization and Correction Using Calibration View Data, Remote Sensing 8(2), 138.10.3390/rs8020138
Levin, N. and Zhang, Q., 2017, A global analysis of factors controlling VIIRS nighttime light levels from densely populated area, Remote Sensing of Environment, 190, 366-382.10.1016/j.rse.2017.01.006
Li, X. and Zhou, Y., 2017, Urban mapping using DMSP/OLS stable night-time light: a review, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 38(21), 6030-6046.10.1080/01431161.2016.1274451
Mills, S., Weiss, S., and Liang, C., 2013, VIIRS day/night band (DNB) stray light characterization and correction, Proc. SPIE 8866, Earth Observing Systems XVIII, 88661P (23 September 2013).10.1117/12.2023107
NCEI (National Centers for Environmental Information), 2020, Version 4 DMSP-OLS Nighttime Lights Time Series, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration URL: https://ngdc.noaa.gov/eog/dmsp/ downloadV4composites.html (최근 접속일: 2020년 1월 3일).
NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), 2014, Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Imagery Environmental Data Record (EDR) User’s Guide (Version 1.1).
Nurbandi, W., Prasetya, R., and Kamal, M., 2018, The relationship between artificial nighttime light (ANTL) and built-up area: a remote sensing perspective, 2018 4th International Conference on Science and Technology (ICST), Yogyakarta, pp. 1-6.10.1109/ICSTC.2018.8528633
Schuler, C.F., Lee, T.F., and Miller, S.D., 2013, VIIRS constant spatial-resolution advantages, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 34, 5761-5777.10.1080/01431161.2013.796102
Shi, K., Yu, B., Huang, Y., Hu, Y., Yin, B., Chen, Z., Chen, L., and Wu, J., 2014, Evaluating the ability of NPP-VIIRS nighttime light to estimate the gross domestic product and the electric power consumption of China at multiple scales: a comparison with DMSP/OLS data, Remote Sensing, 6, 1705-1724.10.3390/rs6021705
Townshend, A.C., and Bruce, D.A., 2010, The use of night-time lights satellite imagery as a measure of Australia’s regional electricity consumption and population estimation, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 31, 4459-4480.10.1080/01431160903261005
Uprety, S., Cao, C., Gu, Y., and Shao, X., 2017, Improving the low light radiance calibration of S-NPP VIIRS day/night band in the NOAA operations, 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Fort Worth, TX, 2017, pp. 4726-4729.10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128057
Waluda, C.M., Yamashiro, C., Elvidge, C.D., Hobsob, V.R., and Rodhouse, P.G., 2004, Quantifying light-fishing for Dosidicus gigas in the eastern Pacific using satellite remote sensing, Remote Sensing of Environment, 91(2), 129-133.10.1016/j.rse.2004.02.006
Zhao, N., Hsu, F., Cao, G., and Samson, E.L., 2017, Improving accuracy of economic estimations with VIIRS DNB image products, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 38(21), 5899-5918.10.1080/01431161.2017.1331060
Zhou, L., Ichinose, T., Zheng, J., Shi, P.J., and Li, X., 2009, Modelling the population density of China at the pixel level based on DMSP/OLS non- radiance‐calibrated night‐time light images, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 30(4), 1003-1018.10.1080/01431160802430693

Information

Publisher :The Korean Cartographic Association
Publisher(Ko) :한국지도학회
Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Cartographic Association
Journal Title(Ko) :한국지도학회지
Volume : 20
No :1
Pages :81-92
DOI :https://doi.org/10.16879/jkca.2020.20.1.081

[1] 국토지리정보원, 2014, 영토 – 북한 지역, 대한민국 국가지도집 I권, 국토교통부.

[2] 김민호, 2020, “VIIRS DNB 야간영상자료 복사 휘도의 시공간적 특성: 남한지역을 사례로, 국토지리학회지,” 54(1), 출간중.

[3] 김민호, 2019, “DMSP-OLS 영상자료를 이용한 중국 접경지역 경제성장의 시·공간적 역동성 추정,” 한국지도학회지, 19(2), 65-77.

[4] 오재일･박정민, 2002, “남북행정구역의 변천과 발전방향,” 행정논총, 40(2), 29-62.

[5] 유다현･김민호, 2019, “야간인공위성 영상자료 블루밍 현상의 공간패턴에 관한 연구: DMSP/OLS와 SNPP/ VIIRS DNB 영상자료를 대상으로,” 국토지리학회지, 53(2), 203-212.

[6] 김민호, 2017, “DMSP OLS 야간 영상을 이용한 중국 랴오닝성 도시화의 시계열 분석,” 한국지도학회지, 17(3), 85-96.

[7] 김상우･조규대･김영섭･최윤선･안유환･김용승, 2005, “DMSP/ OLS 영상에서 관측한 동해 야간조업어선의 분포 특성,” 한국수산과학회지, 38(5), 323-330.

[8] 통일부, 2020, 북한정보포털, URL: https://nkinfo.unikorea. go.kr/nkp/main/portalMain.do(최근 접속일: 2020년 1월 20일).

[9] Addison, D., and Stewart, B., 2015, Nighttime light revisited: the use of nighttime lights data as a proxy for economic variables, World Bank Group eLibrary, https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-7496.10.1596/1813-9450-7496.

[10] Amaral, S., Monteiro, A.M.V., Camara, G., and Quintanilha, J.A., 2004, DMSP/OLS night‐time light imagery for urban population estimates in the Brazilian Amazon, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 27(5), 855-870.10.1080/01431160500181861

[11] CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 2020, EAST ASIA/ SOUTHEAST ASIA - KOREA, NORTH, URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/print_kn.html (최근 접속일: 2020년 4월 15일)

[12] Douga, E., Kennedy, R., and Urpelainen, J., 2018, Satellite data for the social sciences: measuring rural electrification with night-time lights, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 39(9), 2690-2701.10.1080/01431161.2017.1420936

[13] Elvidge, C.D., Hsu, F.C., Baugh, K., and Ghosh, T., 2014, National trends in satellite observed lighting: 1992-2012, in Weng, Q., ed., Global Urban Monitoring and Assessment through Earth Observation, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 97-120.10.1201/b17012-9

[14] Elvidge, C.D., Baugh, K., Zhinzhin, M., Hsu, F.C., and Ghosh, T., 2017, VIIRS night-time lights, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 38(21), 5860-5879.10.1080/01431161.2017.1342050

[15] Elvidge, C.D., Cinzano, P., Pettit, D.R., Arvesen, J., Sutton, P., Small, C., Nemani, R., Longcore, T., Rich, C., Safran, J., Weeks, J., and Ebener, S., 2007, The nightsat mission concept, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 28(12), 2645-2670.10.1080/01431160600981525

[16] EOP (Earth Observation Portal), 2019, DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program): DMSP Block 5D-3 Satellite Series, URL: https://directory. eoportal.org/web/eoportal/-/dmsp (최근 접속일: 2019년 12월 27일).

[17] Forbes, D.J., 2013, Multi-scale analysis of the relationship between economic statistics and DMSP-OLS night light images, GIScience & Remote Sensing, 50(5), 483-499.10.1080/15481603.2013.823732

[18] Hall, O., 2010, Remote sensing in social science research, The Optical Remote Sensing Journal, 3, 1-16.10.2174/1875413901003010001

[19] Imhoff, M.L., Lawrence, W.T., Stutzer, D.C., and Elvidge, C.D., 1997, A technique for using composite DMSP/OLS city lights satellite data to map urban area, Remote Sensing of Environment, 61, 361-370.10.1016/S0034-4257(97)00046-1

[20] Lee, S., and Cao, C., 2016, Soumi NPP VIIRS Day/Night Band Stray Light Characterization and Correction Using Calibration View Data, Remote Sensing 8(2), 138.10.3390/rs8020138

[21] Levin, N. and Zhang, Q., 2017, A global analysis of factors controlling VIIRS nighttime light levels from densely populated area, Remote Sensing of Environment, 190, 366-382.10.1016/j.rse.2017.01.006

[22] Li, X. and Zhou, Y., 2017, Urban mapping using DMSP/OLS stable night-time light: a review, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 38(21), 6030-6046.10.1080/01431161.2016.1274451

[23] Mills, S., Weiss, S., and Liang, C., 2013, VIIRS day/night band (DNB) stray light characterization and correction, Proc. SPIE 8866, Earth Observing Systems XVIII, 88661P (23 September 2013).10.1117/12.2023107

[24] NCEI (National Centers for Environmental Information), 2020, Version 4 DMSP-OLS Nighttime Lights Time Series, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration URL: https://ngdc.noaa.gov/eog/dmsp/ downloadV4composites.html (최근 접속일: 2020년 1월 3일).

[25] NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), 2014, Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Imagery Environmental Data Record (EDR) User’s Guide (Version 1.1).

[26] Nurbandi, W., Prasetya, R., and Kamal, M., 2018, The relationship between artificial nighttime light (ANTL) and built-up area: a remote sensing perspective, 2018 4th International Conference on Science and Technology (ICST), Yogyakarta, pp. 1-6.10.1109/ICSTC.2018.8528633

[27] Schuler, C.F., Lee, T.F., and Miller, S.D., 2013, VIIRS constant spatial-resolution advantages, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 34, 5761-5777.10.1080/01431161.2013.796102

[28] Shi, K., Yu, B., Huang, Y., Hu, Y., Yin, B., Chen, Z., Chen, L., and Wu, J., 2014, Evaluating the ability of NPP-VIIRS nighttime light to estimate the gross domestic product and the electric power consumption of China at multiple scales: a comparison with DMSP/OLS data, Remote Sensing, 6, 1705-1724.10.3390/rs6021705

[29] Townshend, A.C., and Bruce, D.A., 2010, The use of night-time lights satellite imagery as a measure of Australia’s regional electricity consumption and population estimation, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 31, 4459-4480.10.1080/01431160903261005

[30] Uprety, S., Cao, C., Gu, Y., and Shao, X., 2017, Improving the low light radiance calibration of S-NPP VIIRS day/night band in the NOAA operations, 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Fort Worth, TX, 2017, pp. 4726-4729.10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128057

[31] Waluda, C.M., Yamashiro, C., Elvidge, C.D., Hobsob, V.R., and Rodhouse, P.G., 2004, Quantifying light-fishing for Dosidicus gigas in the eastern Pacific using satellite remote sensing, Remote Sensing of Environment, 91(2), 129-133.10.1016/j.rse.2004.02.006

[32] Zhao, N., Hsu, F., Cao, G., and Samson, E.L., 2017, Improving accuracy of economic estimations with VIIRS DNB image products, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 38(21), 5899-5918.10.1080/01431161.2017.1331060

[33] Zhou, L., Ichinose, T., Zheng, J., Shi, P.J., and Li, X., 2009, Modelling the population density of China at the pixel level based on DMSP/OLS non- radiance‐calibrated night‐time light images, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 30(4), 1003-1018.10.1080/01431160802430693

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